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Pujol Montcusí, Jose AntonioAuthorVilaplana Vilaplana, JuanAuthor

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June 12, 2020
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Swimming pool contact dermatitis caused by 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin

Publicated to:Contact Dermatitis. 66 (6): 335-339 - 2012-01-01 66(6), DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02030.x

Authors: Dalmau G; Estela Martínez-Escala M; Gázquez V; Pujol-Montcusí J; Canadell L; Espona Quer M; Pujol R; Vilaplana J; Gaig P; Giménez-Arnau A

Affiliations

Hospital Clinic Barcelona - Author
Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII - Author
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona - Author

Abstract

Background. Bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH) is a chemical used as a disinfectant for recreational water. BCDMH was described as being responsible for an epidemic of irritant contact dermatitis in the UK (1983), and its sensitizing capacity was also discussed. Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess whether BCDMH used to disinfect swimming pools and spas can cause allergic contact dermatitis among its users. Methods. Ten patients suffering from dermatitis associated with using swimming pools disinfected with BCDMH and 40 controls were studied. Several dilutions of BCDMH, 10% to 1 ppm, were patch tested. Results. All 10 patients studied showed a positive patch test reaction to BCDMH 1% in petrolatum. At least one case showed occupational relevance, with a positive reaction even at 1 ppm. Conclusion. On the basis of the clinical findings, the positive patch test reactions to BCDMH, and the negative patch test reactions in controls, the suggested diagnosis was allergic contact dermatitis caused by BCDMH used as a disinfectant in the swimming pool water. Contact allergy should be taken into consideration when patients suffer from swimming pool-associated itchy dermatitis. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Keywords

1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoinAllergyContact dermatitisHydrotherapistOccupational dermatitisSwimming pool

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Contact Dermatitis due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2012, it was in position 9/59, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Dermatology.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 3.12, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-06, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 6
  • Scopus: 14

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-06:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 16.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 16 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 9.85.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 7 (Altmetric).