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This project has been made possible by the support of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (PID2020-112894GB-I00).

Analysis of institutional authors

Ferrando, PjCorresponding AuthorHernandez-Dorado, AAuthorLorenzo-Seva, UAuthor

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January 24, 2022
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Detecting Correlated Residuals in Exploratory Factor Analysis: New Proposals and a Comparison of Procedures

Publicated to:Structural Equation Modeling-A Multidisciplinary Journal. 29 (4): 630-638 - 2022-01-08 29(4), DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2021.2004543

Authors: Ferrando, Pere J; Hernandez-Dorado, Ana; Lorenzo-Seva, Urbano

Affiliations

Univ Rovira & Virgili, Tarragona, Spain - Author

Abstract

In the classical exploratory factor analysis (EFA) model, residuals are constrained to be uncorrelated. However, since the 1960s, extensions of the classical model that allow correlated residuals to be modeled exist. Furthermore, in many EFA applications (especially those intended for item analysis) it is highly relevant to decide whether an extended solution is more appropriate than the simpler classical solution. This decision, in turn, requires effective and powerful methods for detecting correlated residuals (doublets) when they are really present to be available. This paper discusses two existing detection approaches in the EFA context, and proposes a third, new procedure. Reference values, based on the concept of parallel analysis, are proposed for deciding the relevance of the flagged doublets in all the considered procedures. The functioning of the three procedures is assessed by using simulation, and illustrated with an illustrative example. The proposal, finally, has been implemented in a well-known noncommercial EFA program, and an implementation in R is being developed.

Keywords

Correlated residualsDoubletsExpected parameter changeExploratory factor analysisImage theoryIndexParallel analysis

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Structural Equation Modeling-A Multidisciplinary Journal due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position 8/107, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 2.81. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 2.14 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-08-08, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 19
  • Scopus: 21
  • Google Scholar: 24

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-08-08:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 21 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11797/imarina9243511

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Ferrando Piera, Pere Joan) and Last Author (Lorenzo Seva, Urbano).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Ferrando Piera, Pere Joan.