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This work was supported by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences Global Challenges Research Fund Networking Grant under Grant ACP Ref No. 102292 'Punching above their weight: Building capacity for research on some countries have better life expectancies than predicted by national income.'

Analysis of institutional authors

Fernandez-Saez, JoseCorresponding Author
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Gender Equality and the Global Gender Gap in Life Expectancy: An Exploratory Analysis of 152 Countries

Publicated to:International Journal Of Health Policy And Management. 11 (6): 740-746 - 2022-06-01 11(6), DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.192

Authors: Mateos, Jose Tomas; Fernandez-Saez, Jose; Marcos-Marcos, Jorge; alvarez-Dardet, Carlos; Bambra, Clare; Popay, Jennie; Baral, Kedar; Musolino, Connie; Baum, Fran

Affiliations

Biomed Res Networking Ctr Epidemiol & Publ Hlth C, Madrid, Spain - Author
Flinders Univ S Australia, Southgate Inst Hlth Soc & Equ, Adelaide, SA, Australia - Author
Fundacio Inst Univ Recerca Atencio Primaria Salut, Unitat Suport Recerca Terres Ebre, Tortosa, Spain - Author
Inst Catala Salut, Unidat Recerca Gerencia Terr Terres Ebre, Tortosa, Spain - Author
Newcastle Univ, Inst Hlth & Soc, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England - Author
Patan Acad Hlth Sci, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Kathmandu, Nepal - Author
Univ Alicante, Dept Hlth Psychol, Alicante, Spain - Author
Univ Alicante, Publ Hlth Res Grp, Alicante, Spain - Author
Univ Alicante, Univ Res Inst Gender Studies, Alicante, Spain - Author
Univ Lancaster, Div Hlth Res, Lancaster, England - Author
Univ Lleida, Dept Nursing & Physiotherapy, Lleida, Spain - Author
Univ Rovira & Virgili, Fac Enfermeria, Campus Terres Ebre, Tortosa, Spain - Author
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Abstract

When looking at life expectancy (LE) by sex, women live longer than men in all countries. Biological factors alone do not explain gender differences in LE, and examining structural differences may help illuminate other explanatory factors. The aim of this research is to analyse the influence of gender inequality on the gender gap in LE globally. We have carried out a regression analysis between the gender gap in relativised LE and the UN Gender Inequality Index (GII), with a sensitivity analysis conducted for its three dimensions, stratified by the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. We adjusted the model by taking into consideration gross national income (GNI), democratic status and rural population. The results indicated a positive association for the European region (ss=0.184) and the Americas (ss=0.136) in our adjusted model. Conversely, for the African region, the relations between gender equality and the LE gender gap were found to be negative (ss=-0.125). The findings suggest that in the WHO European region and the Americas, greater gender equality leads to a narrowing of the gender LE gap, while it has a contrary relationship in Africa. We suggest that this could be because only higher scores in the GII between men and women show health benefits. Copyright: (c) 2020 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Keywords
AssociationsFemaleGender equalitGender equalityGender equityGender gapHealthHumansIncomeLife expectancyMalePolicySex factorsTrendsWorWorld health organization

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal International Journal Of Health Policy And Management due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position 17/87, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Health Policy & Services.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 2.09. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.41 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 9.23 (source consulted: Dimensions May 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-05-14, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 14
  • Scopus: 19
  • OpenCitations: 6
Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-05-14:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 56.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 55 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 382.5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 4 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Australia; Nepal; United Kingdom.

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Fernández Sáez, José.